ѡ, , ӿ ѡ ߬ү ߽ү Ӭ XX .
() , () 꼴 ѼԿ
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ӿ ( ߿)
ѽ
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ѽ
ogr.1
ӿӿ ( ӿ ᡫ)
Ἷ
ӫѡ
1899
ѡ ӫѡ
13
ߴ ӫѡ
9
ԫ ӫѡ
Һ, .ҿ
տӿ Һ߬ ߽ Ӭ
ѵ
߽ٮ ߽, ԫ ߫, , ӫ߫
ӿѪ Һ߬ ߽ Ӭ
ԫ
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ѡѡ տӿ ӿӿ ߬ (). ꬫ.
ѡѡ տӿ ӿӿ ߬ (). ꬫ.
տӿ Һ߬ ߽ Ӭ ӿӿ ()
[
1931.
]
[
1931.
]
ẫ
ƿ߬ ի Ѽӿ
ᬫ իү Ѽӿ ԽѼ.
ѡ Ѽѡ ߽ 1917. ߽Ҫ Ӽ
ӫ
Ӽ
1921
ѽ߬ ԡ ߫ Һ߬ Ӭ 1921. ٽ ӿԫ
ѡ ߽ ӿ ӫ Ѯ ѡ Ѯ.
Ӽ ߽ ߴ Һ߬ ѽ ӫ߫
ӡѽ Ѭѽ ߽ ѡٮ ԯ Ἷ
ԫ-ӿ Ǽӫ߿, ᬪ ѽٮ ӫ ӿ.
ѽ ԫ Ѽѵ ѡ-ѽ ﴮ
"ӿѡὼ߿" ū ԫ ѻ߯ Ѻ Ӽ߬ ߽ Һ.
ӿ ӿ ӽ, , ߴ ,
߫߬ ҽ ԫ ӡҽ.
ٽ Ԭᡫ ѡ ɫ, ᡡ.
߯ ѽѼ "ѡ߬" , ԫٮ
ѽ ᡡ ѻ߯ ѽ ߫ ӿ ѡ
Ѫѡ. ߯ տӿ ӿӿ Ӵ Ѫ ӡߴ
ɫ, ԫ ٽ . ġ ѽ ԫ ѽ, ٽ
"ᡡ": , ߴ Ӽ, ᡵ, ū.
ӿ ٽ Ҽѡ, , ẫ ӫԫѡ. ӿ, ԫ ټ
Ἷ ѽѬ ߴ ӿԿ.
ѡ ߬ ҡ߿ "ݡѮ".
ġ ٬, ٽ ԫ. ū ߫Ѽѡ,
٬: Ѯ߬, Ѯ߬, ߿ӿ߬, ߬, Ӽ߬.
٬ ٽ "߫", ԫٮ ߵѡٮ իٮ Ե Ӭ.
ġ ӫ ի ߬ ߬ԫ,
XIII, XI VI Ѭ. ġ ٽ ڿߴ ߽ټ ߽, ԫ
ի , ἴԡ ԡ ӬѮ, ,
ԫӿ, ѡԫӫ, ԫ.
߫ѡٮ ӡٮ , Ӵү ӫѡٮ Կիѡ
ӫ, , Ѯ߬,
"ߡ ߡѮ", Ѽ ߬ ѻӿᡡټ Ӽ .
ū߽ Ѫҡ߿߬ ߫ ٽ ӿԫ
ѡ Ѭѡ ӫἼ ҡ߿ԫ ѡ Һ߬ ٬
.
ӿ ٽ ӫ߫ӫ ߬, ѡ߬, ᬫ߬,
Ĭ߬, ߬ ҡ߿ԫ.
ƫޡ ѡ ١ ӫԫѮ 쿬 ѡ߬, ӫԫ
ӫ, ӫ ߬ Ѵ ū ߿, ԡٮ
߬ ԫӿ ǽѬ Ѯԫ ߫ ߬ տѡ
ӫ߫ӫ: "ġ 27 ٬, ѫᡡ, ӿ, ߬",
"ġ ٽ ѡᵿѮ ", "ġ ٽ ѡ ӫѡ".
ӿ Ҽ ᡡ Һ
Һ߬ ѽ-ҽӡ ѡ, ߫ Ѭ "߬ ӫ".
߫ үڿ ߡ ү Ѽѡ
ѡү Ѯ Һ߬ү ߽ү ڿ Ӭ
.ừԫ 쿡 ӿ.
ٽ Ҽᡫ ѽ "ѫ", ӿ ӡ ӿ߬
Һ߬ ߽ ڿ "ӿ ế" ٮ
Һ߬ ٬.
ūԿ ڿ ӫ Ѻ ѡ
Ҭѡ
1931
ԫ
ӫ
1931
ԫ
ӿ
Ҫѡ
ӿ, Һ߬ ߽ Ӭ c.ừԫ 쿡
ӫ, տӿ
䫽
ԫѽ
1931
ū߽ ӿѡ Ҭѡ .ӿӿ ԫѽѼ Ӭ
.ừԫ 쿡 ӿ.
Ѽѡ .ӿӿ ӫ ӫ߫߬ү ߽߬ү Ѵѽ.
ߴ ӫ߫߬ ӻ ի , Ӫ
ѡԫ, ѡ ߬ӫ ѡ Ӭ,
Ὣ Ӵ.
.ӿӿ ߴ ԫ ӿ ѽ ߽Ҫ
, ᬫ ߫ ѽ, Ѽ Ӽ ӫ ߽Ҫ
ѽ Ӽ, ԫү ߿ Ԭԫ 1931. Ӵ ѡ
ӫ
ū
1933
1942
Ѽ Ѽѵ һᵿ .ӿӿ ԫ ӿԿ
ѡ Ҭ , ѽټ Ѽ , ߽߫ᡡ
ԽӫἿ ӫ 俫߿ ԫѽ ū߬ ߽ Ӭ,
ӫ Կ߬ү Ѵѽ Һ, ᡡ Ѽѵү
Ӽ
1942
ѡ
5
ߴ
5
1941. ừ ӿ ү (үߴ) Ԭ ԫ
.ӿӿ . ᬫ Ԭ , 5 1942.
.ӿӿ ٽ ԫ
ᬽѡ
ū, ., ѡ
1942
ѡ
5
ߴ
5
1942
ѡ
6
ߴ
12
諡
1942
ѡ
6
ߴ
12
ѡ
ԫ
ū, ѡ
߿ ѡ߬ .ӿӿ.
ū ߿, ӿ , ٽ, ߡ, , ѽ ӫ
(ԫ ٽ 6 ѬӴ) ߬, ԫ Ӫ , ӿߴ ԫ,
ԫ Ҭ ս. ԫ .ӿӿ ѽ ߬ Խӫ: "ѽ
ѽ", ԫ ӡҽߴ ᬽѡ ӫ߿: " !"
߫. ӫҽ .ӿӿ. ƫ ᵿ
ѡ ߫.
ū ߿, Ի ẫү ү Կ ,
.ӿӿ ѡ ߫ , Ե ޫ ѼѮ, ԫٮ
ٽ ᴡ.
1996. ..ҽӿ ߬ Ѫ િ һ
Ѽԫԫ ߫ Ѽ Ҽѡٮ " ߬ ѽ ѽ".
տӿ .ӿӿ ٽ ԫӫ 70 .
տӿ .ӿӿ Һ߬, ᡵҺ߬,
Ѽѵ, ߬ ٬. ᬫ ߬ ѽ ٽ һ, ..
߫߬ Կ ԫ ߫ѡ, ٽ
. , 1937., ԼὫ 750-Կ ѽ,
Һ ѽ Կ ӫ߬ ѽ
ԫ ԫ, ԫ ߡ߬ ٽ Ҭ ӿӿ
ѽ. ҵѽѽ ѡٮ ݬѼ ԫ .
.ӿӿ ٽ ᡫ ӫ Һ߬ ߽ Ӭ 19 ѡԴӴ
1995. ӿ ū߬ ߽ Ӭ ѡѡ տӿ
ӿӿ ߬. ߬ ߽ٮ ѡ .ѡӿ
ӫ ߽ .ӿӿ ߫ Ѽ
߽Ҫ. ꬫ ѡѡ Һ߬ ߽ Ӭ
濼 ӿӿ ߴ Ӭ ӿ ߬ ҡ߿.
ѡ ἴԿ 23 Ӵ/6 ѬӴ
ᵿ
1.
ҽӿ ӿ. ᡡ// ߬ ߽. 1995. N 4086. 1319 . .17.
ѽ
1.
ӿ 鿬ԫӫ
(c) . ҽ