Ἷ ūѽ
ӫѡ 1876
ѡ ӫѡ 20
ߴ ӫѡ 3
ԫ ӫѡ ѡѡ߬ ., ӫѡ߬ ., .ӫ
տѻ߬
ɫߴ Ѽ Ὣڿ, Ѽ ԫӫ ٽ ӫ Ѯ.
5 ߴ Ѻ Ե.
Ĭ ү ެ .ѽڿ ߡ߽߬ Ѻ
ԫ[1]
տѻ߬ ӿ (ūѽ)
ѡѡ߬ ի |
ѡѡ߬ ի Ѽӿ |
ߡ ԫ߬ ѡ, ߴ ӿ߬
ҽ ԫ߬ ҡ߿, [ . .6991. Ļ.7. .68. .4].
Ĭ ѡѡ߬ү իү Ѽӿ.
Ѽ ٻ߬ ݬѡ Ѽӿ ӿѬ ᬿ߬ ӫԫѴ
ǽѬ ס ӿԫټ ߫, ԫ Ѽ ԫ
ᬫ ߫ .
-
ᬫ
1898
ѡ 1
ߴ 10
-
, ߫
ᬫ
䫽 ᬫѽ 5-ߡ ӫ߬ ᮽ߬
1898
1901
-
Ѯ
1901
-
, ߫
Ѯ
䫽 ٮ, ᬫѽ ѡ߬ ế
1901
1913
ѡ 10
ߴ 12
Ҫ ߡ ԡ Կ, 1906. — ᬿ߬ 5-ߡ
ӫ߬ .
Ѽѡ ٽ ᬫѽѼ 2- ᬿ߬ ѡ߬ ế.
ߴ ټ 2- ӬѮ ᬿ߬ ӡ.
ӫ߿ ߽Ҫѡ - Ѻ ѡ, Ѻ
ԫ ӿѼ -ӫӫ ... -ӫӫ Ѽ
ԫ ԫѽ ӫ߬ ǡ߬ ߫. ѡ .ѫ Ԭߴ
ٽ ạѡ ԫ. ޡ ѡ Ѻ -ӫӫ .ѫ
ӿ .ѡ ߬
ԫ, ǽѬӫ-߬ ٮ ߫
Ѯ
䫽 ߫, ᬫѽ 1- ѡ߬ ế ( 01.1914.)
1913
ѡ 10
ߴ 12
1916
10 ѬӴ 1913. ạѡ ߽Ҫ ٮ ǽѬӫ-߬ ߫
.ԫ. Ѽѡ ᬫѽѼ 1- ѡ߬ ế.
ٽ Ѽ ǽѬӫ-߬ ߫
-
ѡ
ѡ 1904
߬
ѡ 1907
Ἷ
ѡ 1915
ߡٮ
ѡ 1916
Ѽ ѡ Ѯ 濡
"ū ԫѽ ѡ Ѽѡ ѡ ߡټ ԫ, Ѽټ
Ѯ 濡"
-
ӫԫѮ
1916
-
ԫ, ǽѬӫ-߬ ٮ ߫
ӫԫѮ
䫽 ٮ ӬѮ .ԫ, ߫, ᬫѽ
1916
1918
1916. ٽ , ԫ ạѡ ټ ӬѮ 1- .ԫ
ѡ 1916
-
ԫ
1918
-
ԫ, ԯ
1918
1918
իߴ ᬽѡ ѡ 5 ߴ
-
ԫ, ǽѬӫ߬ ߫
ӫԫѮ
䫽 ٮ, ԫѽ ߫
1919
1919
1919. ӫ ԬԿ ӿ ǽѬӫ-߬ ߫ " "
ڿ Ѽ ߿ӫ ի , ߽Ҫ ӿ ߫
-
ԫ
1919
-
ԫ, ԯ
1919
1919
իߴ ԯ ѡ 2- ѽ
-
ԫ, ǽѬӫ-߬ ߫
ӫԫѮ
䫽 ٮ, ԫѽ ߫
1919
1921
-
ԫ
1921
-
ԫ, ԯ
1921
1921
իߴ ԯ ѡ 2- ѽ
-
ԫ, ǽѬӫ߬ ٮ ߫
ӫԫѮ
䫽 ٮ ӬѮ .ԫ, ߫
1921
1925
1921., Ѽ ԫ߬ ߫, .ѫ
ӿ Ѻٮ ڿ ڿ. Ѽ ӫ ߬
ū ڿ
ū . ῡ ѽ߿. ի Ѻ һ
Ӭ, ӿ . Ѻҽ Ѻ ѽ Ѻ ӿѺ ߫ ѽٮ
Ѻ ߫ Ҭ. ԫ ѡү Ἣ ū,
ٽ ӿ ӿի ƿի ѽѼ ..ټ.
Ҭ ٽ Ѽ ѽѡ Ѫ Ҫڿߴ ԫ߬ ӡ
Ѽ ѡ
ԫ
ӫԫѮ .
䫽 ѡ ѡ߬ ԫ߬ ѻտ һѡ
1922
1923
ߴ 3
1922. ߽ ѡ ѡ߬ ߬ .ѫ ӿ
, ߽ ԫ һڿ ԫ߬ ѻտѮ ѻ߬ (ɫ)
ٽ ߫ӫԿѡ ѡ ԫ, .ѫ ӿҽ ѡ
Ѭԫӫ Ѽ ߫ԫ ѡ ѡ߬ ԫ߬ ѻտ
һѡ.
ӿѽ 1923. .ѫ ӿ ᴡ ٽ ӿ
߬ ߽ Ӭ
ԫ, ӫ-ūӫ߬ Ӭ
ӫԫѮ
䫽 ԫѽ
1933
ٽ ѡ ѽ .
1930- , Կ ӬѮ ѡ߽Ҫѽ
Ѻ , .ѫ Կ
ԫӫѮ, ӡ .. ӿ ӫ-ūӫ߬ Ӭ, Ѽ Ѽ
, ߽Ҫѡ
-
ԫ, ūӫ߬, 12
1933
1934. .ѫ ٽ . ٽ — ӫ߬ ӿ ѫ
(1901..) ١ ӿ (1903..)
-
ԫ
1933
ѡ 20
ߴ 8
-
߫ ӫ ӿ
././1934
ѡ " Ѵѽ үڿ, ԫ Ҭѽ ѽ ӿ, Կ Կ һ, ӫᡴ ү ӫү "
.58–10,58–11
ӿ 3 ٽ
-
ԫ,
1933
1934
, .ǽ-
1934
ߴ 5
1935
ӫ , Ѫ ҽ ǽ-ԫ
-
, .ǽ-
1935
ٽ ٽ ߡ ԫ
-
././1935
.58–10
ӿ 8
-
, .Ѽ, ǽ-Կ߬ ѽ߬իѡ N 9
1935
1943
ѡ 20
ߴ 6
.ѫ ߡ իߴ ڿ , ٽ ѡ ᮬ, Դѽ ѽ
ٽ ѡ ԿԿ, ԫ ߽ Ѽ .
20 1943. ٽ ѡ Ӵ ӫ, ѡ ѡ ٽ
-
, .Ǭԯ߬
1943
ߴ 7
1944
ū߽ ѡ ӫ .Ǭԯ߬. ի ӿ ӫ߬ տ߬
.
߬ Ѽ ٽ ѡ ߫ ߽Ҫѡ ӫ.
ū ᡡټ, ӫ ѡ, ڿ իټ ԡ
ӫ߬ .
Ԭٽ տѮ߬ տӫԫ ٽ ټ
տѻ߬ ǡѼ (諼ӫټ) ѡ ӿ
ԫٮ ѡ ѻ߬
-
ӫ
ӿ
1944
ѡ 29
ߴ 3
ԫ Ҭ ѻ߬ 伿ӫ߬ ӿ ()
1944. ӫԫѮ ѫ ٽ ӫ ٺ ߬ ӿի ߬߬
Ѵ ߿ Ѽ.
23 1944. ٽ ẫ ѡѡ߬ ԫ߬ ѻտ ӿԫӿ
Ѻѡ߬ . ߬ . .ѫ ٽ ạѡ ѻ߬ ߽үڿ
ӿ տӫԫѮ.
29 1944. ٽ ӿѡ ѡѼ ѡ ӿ
ѻ߬
1944
ѡ 1
ߴ 4
ԫ ߬, ཫի߬ ѡ߬ ߫
ԫ Ҭ ӿ (ӫ߬), ӫ ѡ߬ ǽѬ߿, տѻ߬ ԫ߬ ӿӿ (Ҭ), տѻ߬ ɴ߬ ǽѬ߿ (), ѻ߬ 伿ӫ߬ ӿ ()
-
ѡѡ߬ ߬ ѻտ
ѻ߬
䫽 ѻ߬ ѡѡ߬ ߬
1944
ѡ 1
ߴ 4
1944
ߴ 7
ѡ ӿԿ ѻ߬ ӿ ѻտ Ѯ ٽ ԫ Ѯүڿ
Ӭ — ѡ Һѵ. 轿, Ѽ ѡٮ ߬ ,
ٽ ١Ҫѡ ߫ԫ ѽ ѻ߬, һ .
߫ѡ ӫ ߽ ԡѡ ӫټ ԫ ѻ߬ ӿ — ӫԫѼ
鿡߬. ӫԫѮ ѽ ү ѻտ, Ѻ ߽
һѡ ѽ ѡ, ߫Ӫ ԡ߬ ѡ
ѻ߬ ӿ.
11 1944. ѻ߬ ӿ ٽ ѡ ެѡ߬ү ế߬ү
ެѡ߬ ế߬ ѻտ
ѻ߬
䫽 ѻ߬ ެѡ߬ ế߬
1944
ѡ 11
ߴ 7
1946
ѡ 21
ߴ 6
߬ ӿ ѽ ᡫѡ ӿի ế߬ ѻտ,
ԫ ߽ 1937. տѻ߬ ӿ (ҽ) ѽ
ѡ.
ެѡ ѻ߬ ӿ Ѽߴ ߡ ѡ߬
ӫԫѴ .ӿ.
߬ ӿ Ѻ ߬ ߫ ԫ . ū Կ
.Ǭԯ߬. Ӵ ѻ߬ ӿ ԯ߬ ߫ ӿ
ѡ ԬԿ ӫ߬ ߫.
߬ ӿ ᬪ ի ԬԿ ӬѮ ǽ-.
Ѽ һѡ ѻ߬ ӿ ٽ ѼԿӫ ѡ
߽ ᵿ ѽѿ߬ Ӭ.
ġ ᬪ ӫ ߫ ߿߬ Ҫ ӿ, ᬪ
ӫ߿ ѡ Ѯ үڿ ӫѽѮ ᬫ ԡ Կ.
ѡ Կ , ߫ߡ һѡ
ѽ Ѭ߬ , ѻ߬ ӿ ټ ӫ
ѡ ߿߬ [ . .-6991. Ļ.7. .68. .9].
1945. ѻ߬ ӿ իѽ ߬ү ѽ
ի ߬ һ ӫ, ᬪ ӫ Ѭ
" , ѼѮ ӫԫ Ҫ Ѯ ".
ԫ ӫѬ ᬪ Ӫ һѡ. ѻտ ӿѡ
ѻ߬ ӿ ߽Ҫ Ѻ ߫߿ һѡ ӿ-
Ѻӿӫᡡ ѡ.
ѡԴ 1945. ѻ߬ ӿ ӫ߿ ӿ ǽѬ߿ I ѡԿ
ڿ .ӫ ӫѪ߬, ԫ ի ߬
߬ ҺѴ. ӿ ѡԿ ڿ ӫѪ ԫ
ѽ ѻ߬ ӿ ߽Ѽ, ԫ ѡѡ ڿ Դ Ѽѡ
.
ᡫ߬ Ү߬ ѻտ
ѻ߬
䫽 ѻ߬ ᡫ߬ Ү߬
1946
ѡ 21
ߴ 6
1947
ѡ 26
ߴ 1
21 1946. ѻ߬ ӿ ٽ ѡ ѽѡү ߬ ѻտ
ᡫ߬ү Ү߬ү .
ūԬ ѻ߬ ӿ ԫѽѮ Ἣ ѽ
ӫѽ տѮ߬ ٺ իѡ үڿ
ѡѡ߬ ѻտ
ѻ߬
䫽 ѻ߬ ѡѡ߬ ߬
1947
ѡ 27
ߴ 1
1951
ѡ 25
ߴ 2
27 Ӵ 1947. ߫ߡ ӫѡ ѻ߬ ӿ ٽ ѡ ѡѡ߬ү
߬ү .
߬ ӿ, ٽ Ѭٮ , ߫ ӿ տ һѡ
ѻտٮ ߫, ѽѼ ԫӫ ạ ӫ...߫.
3 1947. ѻ߬ ӿ Կ ѻտٮ .
ߡ 1947. ٽ Ԭ Ӭ .߬ Ŵԡ Һѵ Ӭ
տԿ ´ .Ӽԫ ѡѡ߬ .
翼 1947/1948. ٽ Ԭ ѡٮ Ѽ. 黫߽ ٽ Ԭ
߬ Ἣ.
1948. Կ ٽ ߫ ߿߬ ߫ ѻտ.
ޫ ѻ߬ ӿ ѽ ᵿ Ӭ իӫ, ѽ
Ӭ ѡ.
8 ὴ 1949. ѡ ѡ ٽ աѽ
߬ , ԫ Ὣ 5 ѽѬ ٮ ӿ
-
տѻ߬
1951
ѡ 25
ߴ 2
-
ѡѡ߬ ѻտ
տѻ߬
䫽 տѻ߬ ѡѡ߬ ߬
1951
ѡ 25
ߴ 2
1953
ѡ 18
ߴ 12
߽Ҫѡ ٬ ӿ
ӫ , իӫѼ ӫ.
߽ ߫ Ѻᮡ ӫ
һ ԫ Կѽټ ߽.
1953. ѽ ѽٮ Ի߬ Ѻ
-
1953
ѡ 18
ߴ 12
ԫ ѡ
ԫ իӫѡ ѡ, Ѽ ӡ ӿѽ ѡѡ߬ ӫ߬ ѡ߬
-
31/07/1989
Ѽ Կӫ ԫ߬ ӫ
ū ѻ߿ 1937
1.ҿ (Ѽ߬ ..), . ߬ ߽ տ ӿ 1893 1965 . (ѽ). Erlangen, 1979–1989. .4. .114–116. |
2.ٻ ., ӫ. ԫӿ ߬ Ӭ, 1917–1997. .9. ., 1997. .305, 745. |
3.Ǭ Ѯ ƿի, ӿ ߬߬ Ѵ ɫ߿, Ѯ Ҽѡ ѻ߬ ᡫ߬ Ѽ Ѯ Ӭ Կ, 1917–1943: . 2- Դ/ . .. . ., 1994. .977–978. |
4.ԫ .. տӿ Ѽ ᡫ߬. ᡫ, 2000. .19–20. |
5.鿬 — ݡ. տѻ߬ ӿ ūѽ.  <https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/> |
6.߽ ݡ/ ū . ӿ ߬߬ Ѵ ߿ ӿ. .34: 迻߬ ߽ Ӭ — ӿ, ߿, Ѯ. .: "߽ ݡ", 2014. .522–523. |